Environmental drivers of antibiotic resistance: Synergistic effects of climate change, co-pollutants, and microplastics

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global health concern, driven by environmental factors like climate change, chemical co-pollutants, and microplastics. These particles facilitate the spread of antibiotic resistance genes by providing biofilm surfaces and concentrating pollutants. Climate change intensifies ARG proliferation through elevated temperatures, extreme weather events, and enhanced horizontal gene transfer. Key drivers of ARG enrichment include antibiotics, heavy metals, organic pollutants, and microplastics. Addressing these challenges requires integrating advanced wastewater treatment technologies with innovative therapeutics.